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# ``twisted`.`web`.`_http2`.`H2Connection``

class documentation

`class H2Connection(Protocol, TimeoutMixin): (source)`

Implements interfaces: `twisted.internet.interfaces.IProtocol`, `twisted.internet.interfaces.IPushProducer`

View In Hierarchy

A class representing a single HTTP/2 connection.

This implementation of `IProtocol` works hand in hand with `H2Stream`. This is because we have the requirement to register multiple producers for a single HTTP/2 connection, one for each stream. The standard Twisted interfaces don't really allow for this, so instead there's a custom interface between the two objects that allows them to work hand-in-hand here.

Method | `__init__` | Undocumented
Method | `abortRequest` | Called by `H2Stream` objects to request early termination of a stream. This emits a RstStream frame and then removes all stream state.
Method | `connectionLost` | Called when the transport connection is lost.
Method | `connectionMade` | Called by the reactor when a connection is received. May also be called by the `twisted.web.http._GenericHTTPChannelProtocol` during upgrade to HTTP/2.
Method | `dataReceived` | Called whenever a chunk of data is received from the transport.
Method | `endRequest` | Called by `H2Stream` objects to signal completion of a response.
Method | `forceAbortClient` | Called if `abortTimeout` seconds have passed since the timeout fired, and the connection still hasn't gone away. This can really only happen on extremely bad connections or when clients are maliciously attempting to keep connections open.
Method | `getHost` | Similar to getPeer, but returns an address describing this side of the connection.
Method | `getPeer` | Get the remote address of this connection.
Method | `openStreamWindow` | Open the stream window by a given increment.
Method | `pauseProducing` | Pause producing data.
Method | `remainingOutboundWindow` | Called to determine how much room is left in the send window for a given stream. Allows us to handle blocking and unblocking producers.
Method | `resumeProducing` | Resume producing data.
Method | `stopProducing` | Stop producing data.
Method | `timeoutConnection` | Called when the connection has been inactive for `self.timeOut` seconds. Cleanly tears the connection down, attempting to notify the peer if needed.
Method | `writeDataToStream` | May be called by `H2Stream` objects to write response data to a given stream. Writes a single data frame.
Method | `writeHeaders` | Called by `twisted.web.http.Request` objects to write a complete set of HTTP headers to a stream.
Class Variable | `factory` | Undocumented
Class Variable | `site` | Undocumented
Instance Variable | `abortTimeout` | The number of seconds to wait after we attempt to shut the transport down cleanly to give up and forcibly terminate it. This is only used when we time a connection out, to prevent errors causing the FD to get leaked...
Instance Variable | `conn` | The HTTP/2 connection state machine.
Instance Variable | `priority` | A HTTP/2 priority tree used to ensure that responses are prioritised appropriately.
Instance Variable | `streams` | A mapping of stream IDs to `H2Stream` objects, used to call specific methods on streams when events occur.
Method | `_flushBufferedControlData` | Called when the connection is marked writable again after being marked unwritable. Attempts to flush buffered control data if there is any.
Method | `_handlePriorityUpdate` | Internal handler for when a stream priority is updated.
Method | `_handleWindowUpdate` | Manage flow control windows.
Method | `_isSecure` | Returns `True` if this channel is using a secure transport.
Method | `_requestAborted` | Internal handler for when a request is aborted by a remote peer.
Method | `_requestDataReceived` | Internal handler for when a chunk of data is received for a given request.
Method | `_requestDone` | Called internally by the data sending loop to clean up state that was being used for the stream. Called when the stream is complete.
Method | `_requestEnded` | Internal handler for when a request is complete, and we expect no further data for that request.
Method | `_requestReceived` | Internal handler for when a request has been received.
Method | `_respondToBadRequestAndDisconnect` | This is a quick and dirty way of responding to bad requests.
Method | `_send100Continue` | Sends a 100 Continue response, used to signal to clients that further processing will be performed.
Method | `_sendPrioritisedData` | The data sending loop. This function repeatedly calls itself, either from `Deferred`s or from `reactor.callLater`
Method | `_streamIsActive` | Checks whether Twisted has still got state for a given stream and so can process events for that stream.
Method | `_tryToWriteControlData` | Checks whether the connection is blocked on flow control and, if it isn't, writes any buffered control data.
Class Variable | `_log` | Undocumented
Instance Variable | `_abortingCall` | The `twisted.internet.base.DelayedCall` that will be used to forcibly close the transport if it doesn't close cleanly.
Instance Variable | `_bufferedControlFrameBytes` | Undocumented
Instance Variable | `_bufferedControlFrames` | Undocumented
Instance Variable | `_consumerBlocked` | A flag tracking whether or not the `IConsumer` that is consuming this data has asked us to stop producing.
Instance Variable | `_maxBufferedControlFrameBytes` | Undocumented
Instance Variable | `_outboundStreamQueues` | A map of stream IDs to queues, used to store data blocks that are yet to be sent on the connection. These are used both to handle producers that do not respect `IConsumer` but also to allow priority to multiplex data appropriately.
Instance Variable | `_reactor` | Undocumented
Instance Variable | `_sender` | A handle to the data-sending loop, allowing it to be terminated if needed.
Instance Variable | `_sendingDeferred` | A `Deferred` used to restart the data-sending loop when more response data has been produced. Will not be present if there is outstanding data still to send.
Instance Variable | `_stillProducing` | Undocumented
Instance Variable | `_streamCleanupCallbacks` | Undocumented

Inherited from `Protocol`:

Method | `logPrefix` | Return a prefix matching the class name, to identify log messages related to this protocol instance.

Inherited from `BaseProtocol` (via `Protocol`):

Method | `makeConnection` | Make a connection to a transport and a server.
Instance Variable | `connected` | Undocumented
Instance Variable | `transport` | Undocumented

Inherited from `TimeoutMixin` (via `Protocol`, `BaseProtocol`):

Method | `callLater` | Wrapper around `reactor.callLater` for test purpose.
Method | `resetTimeout` | Reset the timeout count down.
Method | `setTimeout` | Change the timeout period
Instance Variable | `timeOut` | The number of seconds after which to timeout the connection.
Method | `__timedOut` | Undocumented
Instance Variable | `__timeoutCall` | Undocumented

def __init__(self, reactor=None): (source)

Undocumented

def abortRequest(self, streamID): (source)

Called by `H2Stream` objects to request early termination of a stream. This emits a RstStream frame and then removes all stream state.

Parameters
streamID:`int` | The ID of the stream to write the data to.

def connectionLost(self, reason, _cancelTimeouts=True): (source)
from `twisted.internet.interfaces.IProtocol`
overrides `twisted.internet.protocol.Protocol.connectionLost`

Called when the transport connection is lost.

Informs all outstanding response handlers that the connection has been lost, and cleans up all internal state.

Parameters
reason | See `IProtocol.connectionLost`
_cancelTimeouts | Propagate the `reason` to this connection's streams but don't cancel any timers, so that peers who never read the data we've written are eventually timed out.

def connectionMade(self): (source)
from `twisted.internet.interfaces.IProtocol`
overrides `twisted.internet.protocol.BaseProtocol.connectionMade`

Called by the reactor when a connection is received. May also be called by the `twisted.web.http._GenericHTTPChannelProtocol` during upgrade to HTTP/2.

def dataReceived(self, data): (source)
from `twisted.internet.interfaces.IProtocol`
overrides `twisted.internet.protocol.Protocol.dataReceived`

Called whenever a chunk of data is received from the transport.

Parameters
data:`bytes` | The data received from the transport.

def endRequest(self, streamID): (source)

Called by `H2Stream` objects to signal completion of a response.

Parameters
streamID:`int` | The ID of the stream to write the data to.

def forceAbortClient(self): (source)

Called if `abortTimeout` seconds have passed since the timeout fired, and the connection still hasn't gone away. This can really only happen on extremely bad connections or when clients are maliciously attempting to keep connections open.

def getHost(self): (source)

Similar to getPeer, but returns an address describing this side of the connection.

Returns
An `IAddress` provider.

def getPeer(self): (source)

Get the remote address of this connection.

Treat this method with caution. It is the unfortunate result of the CGI and Jabber standards, but should not be considered reliable for the usual host of reasons; port forwarding, proxying, firewalls, IP masquerading, etc.

Returns
An `IAddress` provider.

def openStreamWindow(self, streamID, increment): (source)

Open the stream window by a given increment.

Parameters
streamID:`int` | The ID of the stream whose window needs to be opened.
increment:`int` | The amount by which the stream window must be incremented.

def pauseProducing(self): (source)
from `twisted.internet.interfaces.IPushProducer`

Pause producing data.

Tells the `H2Connection` that it has produced too much data to process for the time being, and to stop until resumeProducing() is called.

def remainingOutboundWindow(self, streamID): (source)

Called to determine how much room is left in the send window for a given stream. Allows us to handle blocking and unblocking producers.

Parameters
streamID:`int` | The ID of the stream whose flow control window we'll check.
Returns
`int` | The amount of room remaining in the send window for the given stream, including the data queued to be sent.

def resumeProducing(self): (source)
from `twisted.internet.interfaces.IPushProducer`

Resume producing data.

This tells the `H2Connection` to re-add itself to the main loop and produce more data for the consumer.

def stopProducing(self): (source)
from `twisted.internet.interfaces.IProducer`

Stop producing data.

This tells the `H2Connection` that its consumer has died, so it must stop producing data for good.

def timeoutConnection(self): (source)
overrides `twisted.protocols.policies.TimeoutMixin.timeoutConnection`

Called when the connection has been inactive for `self.timeOut` seconds. Cleanly tears the connection down, attempting to notify the peer if needed.

We override this method to add two extra bits of functionality:

- We want to log the timeout.
- We want to send a GOAWAY frame indicating that the connection is being terminated, and whether it was clean or not. We have to do this before the connection is torn down.

def writeDataToStream(self, streamID, data): (source)

May be called by `H2Stream` objects to write response data to a given stream. Writes a single data frame.

Parameters
streamID:`int` | The ID of the stream to write the data to.
data:`bytes` | The data chunk to write to the stream.

def writeHeaders(self, version, code, reason, headers, streamID): (source)

Called by `twisted.web.http.Request` objects to write a complete set of HTTP headers to a stream.

Parameters
version:`bytes` | The HTTP version in use. Unused in HTTP/2.
code:`bytes` | The HTTP status code to write.
reason:`bytes` | The HTTP reason phrase to write. Unused in HTTP/2.
headers:`twisted.web.http_headers.Headers` | The headers to write to the stream.
streamID:`int` | The ID of the stream to write the headers to.

factory = (source)
overrides `twisted.internet.protocol.Protocol.factory`

Undocumented

site = (source)

Undocumented

abortTimeout: `int` = (source)

The number of seconds to wait after we attempt to shut the transport down cleanly to give up and forcibly terminate it. This is only used when we time a connection out, to prevent errors causing the FD to get leaked. If this is `None`, we will wait forever.

conn: `h2.connection.H2Connection` = (source)

The HTTP/2 connection state machine.

priority: `priority.PriorityTree` = (source)

A HTTP/2 priority tree used to ensure that responses are prioritised appropriately.

streams: `dict`, mapping `int` stream IDs to `H2Stream` objects. = (source)

A mapping of stream IDs to `H2Stream` objects, used to call specific methods on streams when events occur.

def _flushBufferedControlData(self, *args): (source)

Called when the connection is marked writable again after being marked unwritable. Attempts to flush buffered control data if there is any.

def _handlePriorityUpdate(self, event): (source)

Internal handler for when a stream priority is updated.

Parameters
event:`h2.events.PriorityUpdated` | The Hyper-h2 event that encodes information about the stream reprioritization.

def _handleWindowUpdate(self, event): (source)

Manage flow control windows.

Streams that are blocked on flow control will register themselves with the connection. This will fire deferreds that wake those streams up and allow them to continue processing.

Parameters
event:`h2.events.WindowUpdated` | The Hyper-h2 event that encodes information about the flow control window change.

def _isSecure(self): (source)

Returns `True` if this channel is using a secure transport.

Returns
`bool` | `True` if this channel is secure.

def _requestAborted(self, event): (source)

Internal handler for when a request is aborted by a remote peer.

Parameters
event:`h2.events.StreamReset` | The Hyper-h2 event that encodes information about the reset stream.

def _requestDataReceived(self, event): (source)

Internal handler for when a chunk of data is received for a given request.

Parameters
event:`h2.events.DataReceived` | The Hyper-h2 event that encodes information about the received data.

def _requestDone(self, streamID): (source)

Called internally by the data sending loop to clean up state that was being used for the stream. Called when the stream is complete.

Parameters
streamID:`int` | The ID of the stream to clean up state for.

def _requestEnded(self, event): (source)

Internal handler for when a request is complete, and we expect no further data for that request.

Parameters
event:`h2.events.StreamEnded` | The Hyper-h2 event that encodes information about the completed stream.

def _requestReceived(self, event): (source)

Internal handler for when a request has been received.

Parameters
event:`h2.events.RequestReceived` | The Hyper-h2 event that encodes information about the received request.

def _respondToBadRequestAndDisconnect(self, streamID): (source)

This is a quick and dirty way of responding to bad requests.

As described by HTTP standard we should be patient and accept the whole request from the client before sending a polite bad request response, even in the case when clients send tons of data.

Unlike in the HTTP/1.1 case, this does not actually disconnect the underlying transport: there's no need. This instead just sends a 400 response and terminates the stream.

Parameters
streamID:`int` | The ID of the stream that needs the 100 Continue response

def _send100Continue(self, streamID): (source)

Sends a 100 Continue response, used to signal to clients that further processing will be performed.

Parameters
streamID:`int` | The ID of the stream that needs the 100 Continue response

def _sendPrioritisedData(self, *args): (source)

The data sending loop. This function repeatedly calls itself, either from `Deferred`s or from `reactor.callLater`

This function sends data on streams according to the rules of HTTP/2 priority. It ensures that the data from each stream is interleved according to the priority signalled by the client, making sure that the connection is used with maximal efficiency.

This function will execute if data is available: if all data is exhausted, the function will place a deferred onto the `H2Connection` object and wait until it is called to resume executing.

def _streamIsActive(self, streamID): (source)

Checks whether Twisted has still got state for a given stream and so can process events for that stream.

Parameters
streamID:`int` | The ID of the stream that needs processing.
Returns
`bool` | Whether the stream still has state allocated.

def _tryToWriteControlData(self): (source)

Checks whether the connection is blocked on flow control and, if it isn't, writes any buffered control data.

Returns
`True` if the connection is still active and `False` if it was aborted because too many bytes have been written but not consumed by the other end.

_log = (source)

Undocumented

_abortingCall: `twisted.internet.base.DelayedCall` = (source)

The `twisted.internet.base.DelayedCall` that will be used to forcibly close the transport if it doesn't close cleanly.

_bufferedControlFrameBytes: `int` = (source)

Undocumented

_bufferedControlFrames = (source)

Undocumented

_consumerBlocked: A `twisted.internet.defer.Deferred`, or `None` = (source)

A flag tracking whether or not the `IConsumer` that is consuming this data has asked us to stop producing.

_maxBufferedControlFrameBytes = (source)

Undocumented

_outboundStreamQueues: A `dict` mapping `int` stream IDs to `collections.deque` queues, which contain either `bytes` objects or `_END_STREAM_SENTINEL`. = (source)

A map of stream IDs to queues, used to store data blocks that are yet to be sent on the connection. These are used both to handle producers that do not respect `IConsumer` but also to allow priority to multiplex data appropriately.

_reactor = (source)

Undocumented

_sender: `twisted.internet.task.LoopingCall` = (source)

A handle to the data-sending loop, allowing it to be terminated if needed.

_sendingDeferred = (source)

A `Deferred` used to restart the data-sending loop when more response data has been produced. Will not be present if there is outstanding data still to send.

_stillProducing: `bool` = (source)

Undocumented

_streamCleanupCallbacks: `dict` = (source)

Undocumented